Heredoc
方便在sh脚本里将数据写入文件
#!/bin/bash
OUT=/tmp/output.txt
echo "Starting my script..."
echo "Doing something..."
cat <<EOF >$OUT
Status of backup as on $(date)
Backing up files $HOME and /etc/
EOF
echo "Starting backup using rsync..."
作者:
译者: LCTT [Suncle Chen(https://linux.cn/lctt/Flowsnow)
here document (LCTT 译注:here 文档又称作 heredoc )不是什么特殊的东西,只是一种 I/O 重定向方式,它告诉 bash shell 从当前源读取输入,直到读取到只有分隔符的行。
这对于向 ftp、cat、echo、ssh 和许多其他有用的 Linux/Unix 命令提供指令很有用。 此功能适用于 bash 也适用于 Bourne、Korn、POSIX 这三种 shell。
here 文档语法¶
语法是:
command <<EOFcmd1cmd2 arg1EOF
或者允许 shell 脚本中的 here 文档使用 EOF<<-
以自然的方式缩进:
command <<-EOF msg1 msg2 $var on line EOF
或者
command <<'EOF' cmd1 cmd2 arg1 $var won't expand as parameter substitution turned off by single quotingEOF
或者 重定向并将其覆盖 到名为 my_output_file.txt
的文件中:
command <<EOF > my_output_file.txt mesg1 msg2 msg3 $var on $fooEOF
或重定向并将其追加到名为 my_output_file.txt
的文件中:
command <<EOF >> my_output_file.txt mesg1 msg2 msg3 $var on $fooEOF
示例¶
以下脚本将所需内容写入名为 /tmp/output.txt
的文件中:
#!/bin/bashOUT=/tmp/output.txtecho "Starting my script..."echo "Doing something..."cat <<EOF >$OUT Status of backup as on $(date) Backing up files $HOME and /etc/EOFecho "Starting backup using rsync..."
你可以使用cat命令查看/tmp/output.txt文件:
$ cat /tmp/output.txt
示例输出:
Status of backup as on Thu Nov 16 17:00:21 IST 2017 Backing up files /home/vivek and /etc/
禁用路径名/参数/变量扩展、命令替换、算术扩展¶
像 $HOME
这类变量和像 $(date)
这类命令在脚本中会被解释为替换。 要禁用它,请使用带有 'EOF'
这样带有单引号的形式,如下所示:
#!/bin/bashOUT=/tmp/output.txtecho "Starting my script..."echo "Doing something..."# No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on word. # If any part of word is quoted, the delimiter is the result of quote removal on word, and the lines in the here-document # are not expanded. So EOF is quoted as followscat <<'EOF' >$OUT Status of backup as on $(date) Backing up files $HOME and /etc/EOFecho "Starting backup using rsync..."
你可以使用 cat 命令查看 /tmp/output.txt
文件:
$ cat /tmp/output.txt
示例输出:
Status of backup as on $(date) Backing up files $HOME and /etc/
关于 tee 命令的使用¶
语法是:
tee /tmp/filename <<EOF >/dev/nullline 1line 2line 3$(cmd)$var on $fooEOF
或者通过在单引号中引用 EOF
来禁用变量替换和命令替换:
tee /tmp/filename <<'EOF' >/dev/nullline 1line 2line 3$(cmd)$var on $fooEOF
这是我更新的脚本:
#!/bin/bashOUT=/tmp/output.txtecho "Starting my script..."echo "Doing something..."tee $OUT <<EOF >/dev/null Status of backup as on $(date) Backing up files $HOME and /etc/EOFecho "Starting backup using rsync..."
关于内存 here 文档的使用¶
这是我更新的脚本:
#!/bin/bashOUT=/tmp/output.txt## in memory here docs ## thanks https://twitter.com/freebsdfrauexec 9<<EOF Status of backup as on $(date) Backing up files $HOME and /etc/EOF## continueecho "Starting my script..."echo "Doing something..."## do itcat <&9 >$OUTecho "Starting backup using rsync..."